Spmark: improving small-target text selection with smooth-pursuit gaze interaction in hybrid paper–digital environments
- Source
- DOI
- Paper number
- 1190
- Field
- Human-Computer Interaction
- DOI ID
- 10.1007/s10055-026-01497-x
Key points
- Selecting small text with gaze is difficult because of spatial tracking error and unintended activation. SPMark combines gaze location with smooth pursuit of moving targets to distinguish selection intent.
- The system activates interaction objects near the gaze position and combines spatial proximity with gaze-target motion correlation to lock the intended target. It was implemented on HoloLens 2 for annotation in a hybrid paper-digital setting.
- The authors evaluated the system in a controlled comparison and open-ended exploration with 21 university students. They report higher task completion rates and lower perceived effort and frustration than the baseline method.
- Both comparison conditions used a keyboard for final confirmation. Eye fatigue during extended use, lighting and latency effects, and retuning for other devices remain limitations. Accessibility for users with impairments was not established, and integrating automatic text recognition from real paper remains future work.
Paper links
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